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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y

AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Governing body responsible for the following pole specification: "Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals." (Also called LTS-2)

ACORN NUT Decorative anchor bolt nut with enclosed rounded top.

AGENT Representative of manufactured products and responsible for communication, sales and service of customers within a specified region.

AISC American Institute of Steel Construction

ALLOWABLE STRESS Maximum permissible stress as defined by design criteria.

ALLOY A compound mixture consisting of one or more base elements (metal) to achieve desired physical or mechanical properties. Examples of different aluminum allows are as follows: (Current KW supplies)

ALLOY-STEEL A type of steel that contains additional elements to improve its? properties.

ALUMINUM A silver-white non-ferrous metallic element whose features and physical properties include: a good resistance to temperature variations, high reflectivity, resistance to oxidation, ductility, light weight, and recyclable.

ANCHOR BASE Base plate used to anchor poles to ground.? See also "Base Plate" & "Fixed Base".

ANCHOR BOLT Threaded steel rod embedded into concrete and used to connect the pole to the foundation.

ANGLE IRON Piece of structural steel rolled or formed into an "L" shaped cross section.

ANODIZING The process of coating a metallic surface electrolytically. This process normally involves the combination of electrical current and chemical bath in which the material's surface or "skin" is altered to form a protective shield for the remaining material thickness.

ANSI American National Standards Institute

APPROVAL DRAWING Formal drawing submitted to customer for their review to determine acceptability of product.

ARCHITECTURAL COATING Special finish coating designed to give the appearance of concrete, marble, granite or sandstone.

ARGON Inert gas element utilized as a shielding component of "gas metal arc welding" (GMAW) or "metal inert gas welding" (MIG). Generally utilized when welding aluminum or like materials.

ARM A single extension of any cross section used to mount a single fixture.

ARM RISE The vertical distance from the center line of the mounting method (e.g., simplex, plate small, plate large)?connection to the center line of the arm end.

ARTIFICIAL AGING Process of heating and cooling a material in a controlled manner to develop desired mechanical properties. (See also heat treat).

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

ASTRO BRACKET Device used to attach a traffic signal to the pole or mast arm. Normally rigid mounted, but can also be free swinging.

AWS American Welding Society

AXIAL FORCE Force along the longitudinal axis of a member. When designing a foundation this figure relates to the weight of a structure plus any added devices or equipment.

BACKPLATE Border surrounding traffic signal heads.

BACK-UP-BAR Steel bar used to secure the handhole cover.

BACK-UP-RING Steel ring used for full-penetration welded connections.

BANNER ARMS One or two parallel pipe extensions coupled or clamped perpendicular along the pole shaft that is used to mount a special banner.

BASE COVER See "Full Base Cover"

BASE FLANGE Cast component welding to the bottom of the pole shaft used to connect the structure to the foundation. (Also called base casting and shoe base).

BASE PLATE Steel plate welded to the bottom of the pole shaft used to connect the structure to the foundation.

BASE REACTIONS (POLE) Shear force, axial force, and bending moment occurring at the pole base, used for foundation design.

BEARING PLATE Steel plate attached to the bottom of an anchor bolt designed to prevent bolt pull-out.

BEND RADIUS The radial dimension corresponding to the curvature of a bent member, usually measured from the inside surface.

BENDING LOAD A force that is applied in the middle or on the end of an object causing the object to bend in a curve.

BENDING MOMENT The product of a wind force or weight force multiplied by its distance from a section.

BOLT Metal rod or pin used for fastening objects together that usually has a head at one end and a screw thread at the other.

BOLT CHORD Dimension measured between two adjacent anchor bolts which do not intersect the center line of the foundation. This dimension may vary between each individual chord.

BOLT CIRCLE Dimension measured from one anchor bolt to another which intersects the center line of the pattern. This dimension will remain equal for all bolts, regardless of quantity of bolts.

BOLT COVER A decorative cast cover usually fastened to the base flange covering the anchor bolt.

BOLT FRACTURE A type of fastener failure that occurs when a fastener is over-tightened and causes the bolt to break.

BOLT LOAD Force along the axis of a bolt.

BOLT PROJECTION Length of anchor bolt extending above the foundation surface.

BREAKAWAY COUPLING Device used to connect the pole to the anchor bolts, and designed to fracture when the pole is impacted by a vehicle. The main purpose being to assure passenger safety.

BRINELL SCALE A method for testing a material's hardness that forces a hard steel sphere under a specified load into the surface of a material and measuring the diameter of the indentation left after the test.

BRONZE An alloy of copper and tin.? Bronze is highly corrosion resistant.

BULLHORN Steel pipe formed with a 90 degree upward bend used to mount fixtures, speakers, cameras, etc.

BUMP FORMED Method of manufacturing a flat steel plate into structural shape. The plate is bent by a brake press usually at equal spacings, forming the desired shape.

BUTT WELD Circumferential weld joint used to connect two shaft sections or a shaft to a plate with or without a back-up ring.

C.B.C Canadian Building Code

C.S.A Canadian Standards Association

C.S.R. (Combined Stress Ratio) Summation of ratios of applied stresses over allowable stresses. Included stresses are bending, shear and axial.

C.W.B. Canadian Welding Bureau

CAD Computer-Aided Design

CAGE PLATFORM A platform that consists of formed steel tubing, support angles and steel grating to safely support a service person and a cluster of lighting fixtures.

CALCULATIONS Formal structural analysis to be presented to the customer, proving adequacy of the structure to the design criteria requirements.

CAMBER Curving of sign structure chords, mast arms or poles during the manufacturing process. The curved displacement from center line is equal and opposite to the deflection expected in the field. The structure, therefore, appears straight after loads are applied.

CANTILEVER Structure fixed at one end and free at the other. A pole is a vertical cantilever and a mast arm is a horizontal cantilever.

CARBON STEEL A type of steel made up of iron and carbon and no other material.? Most fasteners are made from carbon steel.

CASTING Product which is manufactured by means of molding in a form with a molten alloy.

CERTIFICATION A document containing a confirmation that the product and/or design meets or exceeds some specifically stated conditions.

C-HOOK Steel rod formed into shape of a "C" and used for wire support or handling purposes.

CITY SCAPE Unique design style in traffic control and lighting structures incorporating modular components.

CLAMPING FORCE The compressive force that a fastener exerts on a joint.

CLAMSHELL BASE A 2-piece shell base bolted around the pole base after installation.

CLEARANCE The vertical distance from the roadway surface to the lowest point of an overhanging device.

COATING Process of covering a product with one of or a combination of the following: galvanizing, painting and/or metallizing.

COBRA HEAD Generic term for some street lighting fixtures.

COIL MATERIAL Any steel which is rolled into coil form after processing from the mill.

COLD WORKING The shaping of metal at temperatures much lower than the metal's molten state.? Cold working increases the yeild strength in certain steels.

COMMISSION A fee paid to a representative for transacting a piece of business or performing a service.

COMPRESSION LOAD A pushing or pressing force that is directed toward the center of an object.

CONTROLLER CABINET Metal cabinet that houses components used to operate the electrical system. Components could include items such as terminal strips, timers, and circuit breakers.

COPPER A reddish-brown metal that is very ductile, thermally and electrically conductive, and corrosion resistant.? Copper fasteners are often used for electrical components.

CORROSION The gradual chemical attack on a metal by atmosphere, moisture, or other agents.

CORROSION RESISTANCE The ability of a material to resist chemical destruction from an environment.? Corrosion resistance is the most important physical property for fasteners.

COR-TEN Trade name by United States Steel Company for high strength, low alloy, self-weathering steel. This material has enhanced atmospheric corrosion resistance when compared with ordinary carbon steels. The enhanced corrosion resistance may permit the use of this steel in the uncoated (non-galvanized or unpainted) condition.

COUPLING Internally threaded steel fitting used for wiring access and attachment of controller cabinets, junction boxes or other related devices.

CRITERIA A written specification used to control the design of a structure.

CROSSARM A length of steel tubing or angle that attaches to a pole shaft with provisions for mounting a single row of lighting fixtures.

DAMPER Mechanical device used to eliminate or reduce harmonic vibrations. (See also vibration damper and harmonic vibrations).

DAVIT Radial formed pole/luminaire arm.? A radiused (single member) luminaire arm that attaches to the vertical top of the pole.? This type of arm gives the pole and arm the appearance of being a single member.

DEAD LOAD Total weight of structure and all added appurtenances.

DEFLECTION Movement of the pole and/or arm, expressed as a displacement or rotation, resulting from dead loads or other applied loads.

DENSITY The relative compactness of a material.? Density is the mass of a material per unit volume.

DERATE Recognizing a material's loss of physical or mechanical properties due to a manufacturing process such as welding.

DIE CASTING The process where molten metal is forced under pressure into the cavity of a mold to form a desired shape such as a base flange or base casting.

DRAG COEFFICIENT A numerical factor used in wind force calculations. This factor is applied to the projected area of a structural member, lighting fixture, traffic signal, or other component to account for its shape.

DRILL PATTERN Layout of hole size and spacing for a given fixture.

DUCTILITY The ability of a material to deform before it fractures.

DUPLEX RECEPTACLE Electrical component generally used in conjunction with Valmont festoon box.

EFFECTIVE PROJECTED AREA (EPA) Area of a given fixture and/or structure resisting wind force (projected area?times the?appropriate drag coefficient).? Most luminarie manufacturers list EPA ratings of their fixtures in their catalog. The EPA of luminaire arms such as a truss arm, and any other such equipment used, must be added to the luminaries EPA to determine the total EPA capacity of the pole.

ELASTIC LIMIT The maximum stress a material can support before it deforms. ?Elastic limit is also known as yield strength.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY The ability of a material to conduct an electrical current.

ELEVATION The distance which something is above or below sea level, ground level or other referenced surface. (i.e., highway, foundation, etc.)

ELLIPTICAL Having the shape of an oval.

ELONGATE To extend the length of a material.

EMBEDDED POLE Pole fixed into concrete or compacted soil by means of an extended portion.

EXTRUSION The process of forcing material through a die to form a desired cross-section shape.

FASTENER A part used to attach or secure two components together. (i.e., bolt, nut, screw, etc.)

FATIGUE A type of failure that occurs when a material is subjected to repetitive loading or stressing.? Fatigue can cause catastrophic failure.

FATIGUE STRENGTH The maximum stress a material can withstand for a specific number of repeated applications prior to its failure.

FERROUS A metal that contains iron.? Carbon steels are common ferrous metals.

FERRULE See "Tenon"

FESTOON BOX Enclosure welded to a structure to accommodate the mounting of an electrical component.

FINIAL A sculptured ornament located at pole top or end of arm.

FINIAL CAP Cast or spun decorative pole top cap.

FINISH A protective and usually decorative coating applied to structures and their components. (i.e., galvanizing, prime painting, finish painting, etc.)

FIXED BASE Type of pole-to-foundation attachment not designed to breakaway if impacted by a vehicle.

FIXTURE A lighting fixture, which provides artificial light.

FLOOD LIGHT A lighting unit for projecting a broad beam of light. Used in parking lots, sports fields, and other area lighting applications.

FLUTING The formation of rounded grooves using rollers or other means to create a decorative motif on the shaft or column.

FORCE Vector quantity that tends to produce stress and deflection in the structure to which it is applied.

FOUNDATION The earth-embedded support element for a pole structure, normally consisting of concrete, steel reinforcing bars and anchor bolts.

FRANGIBLE BASE Pole base that is designed to breakaway when struck by a vehicle. (See also "Breakaway Coupling", "Transformer Base" and "Slip Base")

FULL BASE COVER Decorative shroud used to enclose the base plate and anchor bolts.

GALVANIZE A zinc coating applied by a hot dip process or other approved method.

GASKET A natural or synthetic rubber seal used between piece parts to prevent the intrusion of moisture.

GAUGE A whole number representing an equivalent decimal thickness. (i.e., 11 = 0.1196, 7 = 0.1793, 3 = 0.2391)

GRADE A category that materials are grouped in according to their strength.

GRADE IDENTIFICATION The marking on the head of a bolt that indicates tensile strength.

GROMMET A natural or synthetic rubber ring placed in drilled wireway holes to prevent chafing or damage to wires.

GROUNDING PROVISION A drilled and tapped hole located near the hand hole to allow attachment of the ground connection and grounding wire.? It can also be directly drilled and tapped on the interior base area of a decorative Designer Series base.

GROUT A mortar used for filling space between the bottom of the pole baseplate and the top of the foundation.

GUSSET Steel plate used to strengthen a welded connection.

GUST FACTOR A numerical factor, usually 1.3, applied to a constant wind velocity to account for an instantaneous outburst of wind.

HANDHOLE Reinforced opening providing internal access to a structure.

HARDNESS The measure of a material's ability to resist penetration, indentation and scratching.

HARMONIC VIBRATION A sustained back-and-forth motion of a member moving the same distance in opposite directions.

HEAT TREAT Process of heating and cooling a material in a controlled manner to develop different mechanical properties.

HEAT TREATMENT The heating and cooling processes used to change the structure of a material and alter its mechanical properties.

HEIGHT COEFFICIENT A numerical factor applied to the design wind pressure to account for the increased wind pressure experienced due to smoother flow of air at higher elevations above ground.

HEX-HEAD BOLT A type of bolt that has a head with six sides.

HIGH MAST Structures designed to light a large area by providing a point of fixture attachment higher than an average area lighting structure. A high mast pole is usually equipped with a lowering device system.

HINGED POLE Structure design allowing ease of pole top access using a hinge by which the pole top can be lowered to ground level.

IMPACT ATTENUATOR A device used on a safety climbing cable to reduce the severity of the jolt encountered when a falling person reaches the end of the safety belt lanyard.

INDENTER A device used in a hardness test that is pressed into the test material.

ISOMETRIC DRAWING A drawing in which three faces of a solid object are shown with the lines parallel to the edges and drawn in true length.

ISOTACH A line on a map connecting points of equal wind speed. A gust factor is usually applied to the isotach wind speed.

ISOTACH WINDMAP This is a mean occurrence wind map produced by the National Environmental Data Service, which gives the 50-year wind velocity for each area of the country.? These 50-year wind values are used in designing poles.

JACKING LUGS Steel nuts welded to a pole shaft to facilitate the process of slip fitting pole sections together.

JAM POLE See "Laminated Shaft"

J-HOOK Steel rod formed into the shape of a "J" used for internal conductor wire support or handling purposes.

KEEPER PLATE A thin steel plate (usually 20, 22 or 28 gauge) used to keep the connecting bolts of a slip base assembly in place.

KIP Unit of measure equivalent to 1000 pounds.

K-KLAD A custom formulated thermosetting polyester resins, curing agents, pigments and modifiers, to meet specific end-use requirements for durability, chemical resistance, and UV protection. Resins and pigments are mixed while molten and then cooled and solidified. The resulting material has a completely uniform composition. The cooled material is then ground to the desired particle size for application to the metal.

K-SEAL A thermal plastic hydrocarbon resin system specially formulated for application over untreated steel surfaces. K-Seal is also used to complete the KW's K-KLAD coating system.

KSI Kips per Square Inch

LAMINATED SHAFT Tapered steel tube resulting from firmly pressing together two separate tubes, one inside the other, to increase wall thickness.

LIGHTNING ROD Metallic rod attached to a pole structure creating a continuous conducting path to the ground to diminish the destructive effects of lightning.

LIQUID COAT Finish applied to a material in a liquid form.

LIQUIDATED DAMAGES The determination of liability by means of agreement or litigation as to the amount of indebtedness.

LMA Luminaire Mast Arm

LOAD The overall force that is applied to a material or structure.

LOCK WASHER A split washer used to prevent loosening by exerting pressure on a nut.

LOCKNUT A nut tightened down on another, or a nut so constructed that it locks itself when tightened. Both types are used to prevent loosening.

LOW-CARBON STEEL A type of carbon steel that contains less than 0.3% carbon.? Grade 2 fasteners are common low-carbon steel fasteners.

LOWERING DEVICE Apparatus capable of lowering fixtures to ground level for ease of maintenance.

LUG WASHER Steel plate washer used in transformer base connections.

LUMINAIRE A complete lighting unit.

MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION A non-destructive method of detecting cracks and other discontinuities at or near the surface in ferromagnetic materials (ASTM E709).

MANDREL FORMED The manufacturing process used to produce round tapered tubes by forming steel coil around a mandrel.

MAST ARM The horizontal member of a structure typically used to support luminaries, traffic signals or roadway signs.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES The properties that describe the way a material responds to forces that attempt to bend, break, twist, dent or scratch it.? Mechanical properties are the most important properties for fasteners.

MEDIUM-CARBON STEEL A type of carbon steel that contains between 0.3% and 0.5% carbon.? Grade 5 fasteners are common medium-carbon steel fasteners.

MEGAPASCAL The metric unit of pressure.? Megapascal is abbreviated Mpa.

MILD STEEL Comparatively soft and easily worked steel capable of being extended or shaped.

MILL/MATERIAL CERTIFICATION An official document issued by the steel mill stating the physical and chemical properties of the material supplied.

MOMENT A force multiplied by the distance to the point of rotation. (See "Bending Moment")

MOMENT OF INERTIA Physical property of a structural cross section used in the calculations of stresses and deflections. It is the summation of the products of element areas, multiplied by the square of their distance from a referenced line.

MOUNTING HEIGHT Vertical distance to a particular part of a pole structure. (i.e., luminaire mounting height).? The height measured from ground level to the centerline position of the luminaire.? This height may include the rise of the luminaire arm and would subtract the burial length of an embedded pole.

NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association

NEMA BOX An enclosure mounted to a pole used for breaker switches and terminal blocks. The name is derived from an enclosure being rated by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association.

NIPPLE Externally threaded steel fitting used for wiring access and attachment of controller cabinets, junction boxes or other related devices.

NONFERROUS A metal that does not contain iron.? Aluminum, copper, and zinc are nonferrous metals.

NON-THREADED FASTENER A type of fastener that does not contain threads.? Pins, retaining rings, and rivets are examples of non-threaded fasteners.

NUT COVER A decorative cast cover usually fastened to the pole covering the anchor bolt.

NUT HOLDER A small bracket usually welded to the inside of a pole, designed to hold a 0.5 in. square nut used for grounding purposes.

OBSTRUCTION LIGHT A light mounted on a structure to warn aircraft of its presence.

OCTAGONAL POLE A pole having an eight-sided cross section.

OFF-TORQUE The force that is proportional to torque in the opposite manner. ?An off-torque condition causes the fastener to rotate loose.

ONE-PIECE SLIPOVER BASE A one-piece shell base, which slips over the pole during installation.

OPTICON Control device acting as a switch upon sensing motion or light.

ORIENTATION The position of an appurtenance relative to the circumferential cross section of a pole/arm as measured in degrees from a reference point. (See also "Radial Index")

O-RING A ring made from natural or synthetic rubber, used as an air-tight or water-tight seal.

OVERLOADING A type of material failure that occurs when an excessive load is applied, which causes the material to yield or fracture.

OVERTURNING MOMENT Bending moment at the pole base used for foundation analysis. (See also "Bending Moment")

OXIDATION The chemical reaction of a material when exposed to oxygen.

P.E.C. Photo Electric Cell (See also "Opticon")

P.S.I. Pounds per Square Inch

PAINTING SYSTEM A series of processes involved in producing a desired finish.

PANEL BOX See "Controller Cabinet"

PARAPET A low retaining wall on a bridge or highway. Mounting poles on parapets usually requires special anchor bolt patterns.

PED POLE A pole designed to support pedestrian signal heads.

PEDESTAL POLE A term used to describe the short range of poles.? These poles are generally 4-5 inches in diameter and have a 6-20 foot mounting height.

PERMANENT DEFORMATION The stress that causes a material to lose its original shape and appearance.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES The properties that describe the way a material responds to external environment conditions, such as temperature, chemical exposure and electricity.? Corrosion resistance is the most important physical property for fasteners.

PIPE A hollow steel cylinder manufactured to a specific nominal inside diameter, wall thickness and yield strength.

PLANS The portion of the contract document that depicts the project requirements by the use of drawings or illustrations.

POLE The vertical member of a structure.

POLE TOP PLATE A steel plate mounted to the top of a pole.

POLYCARBONATE A lightweight thermoplastic that is used in the production of some traffic signal housings and back plates. Polycarbonate traffic signals have a high impact strength and are generally lighter in weight than a comparable aluminum traffic signal head.

POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH A unit of pressure that measures the amount of load pressure per inch.? Pounds per inch is abbreviated psi, or pounds per square inch.

POWDER COAT An electrostatically applied dry powder coating that is then oven cured?for a smooth and?durable finish.

PRELOAD The tension created in a fastener when it is first tightened. Preload must be greater than the external forces applied to the assembly to prevent joint failure.

PRODUCTION DRAWING An illustration showing all of the details and information necessary to manufacture the product.

PROJECTED AREA The surface area subjected to wind pressures.

PROJECTION Length of anchor bolt protruding beyond the top of a foundation.

PROOF LOAD The amount of stress that the fastener can withstand without experiencing deformation.? Proof load is often used interchangeably with yield strength.

PROPERTIES The characteristics of a material that distinguish it from other materials.

PROTECTIVE COATING A layer applied over metal that contains elements, which prevent the metal from damage.

RADIAL INDEX An illustration showing the orientation of appurtenances. (See also "Orientation")

RAKE The incline of a pole shaft from the vertical. A pole shaft is usually raked back to account for the deflection in the pole that will be caused by dead loads.

REBAR Deformed steel reinforcing bar.

RECORD DRAWING Formal drawing provided to customer showing final manufactured product.

RIV-NUT Metal fastener serving as the female threaded portion of a bolted connection. This device is a blind nut which is very comparable in function to a household molley. Primarily used for luminaire arm attachment.

ROCKWELL SCALE A method for testing a material's hardness that uses an indenter to test the material's resistance to deformation as a load is applied.

S.O. CHORD Sun and oil resistant electrical connection.

SAFETY BELT Component of pole climbing device strapped around a person's body and attached to the safety cable.

SAFETY CABLE Component of climbing device fixed at both ends of the pole structure providing attachment for the safety belt.

SAG The distance a wire or cable droops from its attachment point. Usually expressed as a percentage of the span length.

SBC Standard Building Code

SECTION MODULUS Physical property of a structural cross section used in the calculation of stresses. The section modulus is the ratio of the moment of inertia to the farthest distance from the neutral axis.

SETBACK Distance from the roadway edge to the location of the pole.

SFBC South Florida Building Code

SHEAR FORCE Force within a member that acts perpendicular to the axis of the member.

SHEAR STRENGTH The ability of a material to resist internal sliding.

SHEARING The cutting and separating of material through its cross section.

SHOE BASE See "Fixed Base"

SHOEBOX Slang term used for describing a rectangular shaped outdoor lighting fixture.

SIGN STRUCTURE Structure designed to support signs, signals or other devices. These structures may be of the cantilever type or the bridge type.

SIMPLEX CONNECTION A bolted flange connection rigidly attaching an arm to a pole shaft.

SLEEVE An additional layer of steel wrapped around a specific area of a pole shaft serving one of two purposes: 1) enhancing corrosion resistance on embedded type poles at ground level; and 2) adding to, reinforcing, or replacing a pole's structural characteristics.

SLIP BASE ASSEMBLY Device used to connect the pole to the anchor bolts, designed to breakaway when the pole is impacted by a vehicle. The main purpose being to assure passenger safety.

SLIP FITTER A short piece of pipe/tube used as the internal portion of a connection.

SLIP-FIT CONNECTION (pole/arm splice) A type of connection between two tapered shafts. The top section is designed to fit over the top of the lower section a specified distance, creating a tight friction connection.

SLOPE As pertaining to deflection: angular deviation from a chosen line (usually the center line of the pole or arm) expressed in degrees or in inches per foot.

SMA Signal Mast Arm

SOCKET SCREW A type of capscrew with a round head and a hexagonal indentation for tightening purposes.

SPAN WIRE POLE A pole used to support wires or cables from which traffic signals or signs are suspended. (Also called "Strain Pole")

SPECIFICATIONS An organized listing of requirements for materials, products, design or testing. Specifications can be published nationally (i.e., AASHTO, ASTM, etc.); locally (i.e., state, city, county, etc.); or per project.

SPINNING PROCESS Manufacturing process in which a straight non-tapered tube is spun about the longitudinal axis while forming bars and/or forming wheels produce a desired taper or shape.

SPOKE ARM Luminaire mounting bracket designed with straight arms, with no upturn or upsweep from the point of attachment.

STANCHION An upright bar, post, or frame forming a support or barrier.

STATIC LOAD A constant or non-varying load.

STEPS Removable headed bolts fastened to pole shafts used for climbing.

STRAIN Change in length of an object in one direction per unit of undisturbed length.

STRAIN POLE See "Span Wire Pole"

STRENGTH The ability of a material to resist stress caused by forces attempting to break or deform the material.

STRESS The applied force over a certain area that tends to deform an object or structure.

STRESS The internal force per unit area within a member, usually expressed in pounds per square inch (PSI).

STRUCTURAL BASE A base welded to the shaft and contributes to the structural integrity of the pole.

STUD An externally threaded fastener that is often threaded at both ends and can be used with a nut.? Unlike bolts, studs do not have a head.

SYNTHETIC Something that is produced artificially.? Synthetic materials include plastic and nylon.

TAMPER RESISTANT SCREW A screw with a specially designed head that requires a unique screw driver or wrench for removal or placement.

TAPER Continuous gradual reduction of a shaft's diameter along its length from base to top. Taper is usually expressed in inches of diameter per foot of length.

TAPPING The formation of an internal screw thread in a hole by means of a tap.

TEMPLATE A guide or pattern used for the proper placement of anchor bolts or drilled holes.

TENON Short length of pipe or tubing used to mount luminaries, signals or brackets.

TENSILE STRENGTH The maximum stress a material can endure before it breaks.? Tensile strength is the most important property associated with threaded fasteners.

TENSION LOAD A pulling force that is directed away from the object and attempts to stretch or elongate the object.

TETHER A second wire on a span wire pole used to hold the bottom of signals or signs in place when being acted upon by a wind force. The addition of this second wire increases the stress in the pole support.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY The ability of a material to conduct heat.

THERMAL EXPANSION The tendency of a material to increase in size as it increases in temperature.

THREAD STRIPPING A type of fastener failure that occurs when a fastener is over-tightened.? Thread stripping causes the fastener threads to appear deformed.

THREADED FASTENER A type of fastener that contains threads.? Bolts, screws, and nuts are examples of threaded fasteners.

TOLERANCE The unwanted but acceptable deviation from a specified dimension.

TORQUE The amount of force applied to tighten a bolt, screw or nut.

TORQUE The product of a force multiplied by the distance to the point of rotation causing a twisting action or twisting moment on a particular body. (See also "Torsional Moment")

TORSION TEST A test that involves twisting an object to test a material's shear strength.

TORSIONAL LOAD A force that is applied by clamping one end of an object and twisting the other.

TORSIONAL MOMENT Action of external forces causing twist in a structure. (See also "Torque")

TORSIONAL STRENGTH The ability of the material to resist a torque that attempts to twist it off its axis.

TRACEABILITY The ability to trace the history, application or location of an item using documentation.

TRANSFORMER BASE Steel or aluminum box-type assembly placed under a pole for wiring access and originally used for housing ballast.? Now primarily used as a breakaway device (aluminum only).

TRANSMISSION POLE A pole structure designed to carry high voltage power lines over great distances.

TRUSS ARM Arm style that incorporates two main supporting members with one or more vertical struts between them.? The number of vertical supports is determined by the load and length of the arm.? This type of arm is most commonly used for Luminaire pipe arms that exceed eight foot in length.? Truss arms range from 8' to 18' long.

TUBE Generic term used for hollow steel shafts.

TURN OF THE NUT METHOD A method described in the AISC Steel Construction Manual for the proper method of tightening nuts on bolts.

TURNKEY Responsibility of a single contractor or representative to supply and install materials completed and ready for operation for an entire project.

U-BOLT Type of bolt that is shaped in the form of a "U" and threaded on both ends.

ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH The final amount of stress sustained in a tensile test at the exact moment the object ruptures.

ULTRA COATING Finish coating system offered by Valmont that provides a maximum corrosion resistance finish and backed by a ten year warranty.

UPRIGHT Slang term referring to the vertical pipe portion of a sports lighting cage.

VEHICLE POLE A pole designed to support vehicular and/or ped signal heads.

VIBRATION DAMPER A device that is placed on or inside a pole or arm to reduce or prevent harmonic vibration caused by wind.

VIBRATION LOOSENING A type of fastener failure that occurs in a bolted joint due to excessive motion, which causes the bolt to rotate loose.

VICKERS SCALE A method for testing a material's hardness that uses a pyramid-shaped diamond to exert pressure on the surface of a material for a standard length of time.? The diagonal of the indentation is measured under a microscope to determine the hardness value.

WASHER A flat disc with a hole through the center that is often used with threaded fasteners to ensure tightness of the joint.

WEDGE TENSILE TEST A procedure used to test tensile strength in which a washer with a beveled surface is placed under the head of a fastener causing a bending stress.

WIND LOADING Live load pressures of wind acting on a structure.

WIND SPEED Velocity of wind (MPH) noted either as a basic/isotach speed or as a gust/maximum velocity.

WIREWAY OPENING An opening that allows the passage of internal wiring to an externally mounted fixture usually contains a grommet.

WROUGHT ALLOY The compound mixture of base elements which form a material whose physical and mechanical properties favor wrought (beaten into shape) manufacturing processes.

YIELD The stress in a material at which plastic deformation occurs.

YIELD MOMENT The moment in a pole or arm that will cause the member to yield.

YIELD STRENGTH The maximum force that a material can withstand before it experiences permanent deformation.

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